Summary about Disease
Tracheobronchitis, commonly known as kennel cough (though humans can also contract it), is an inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, the major airways that carry air into the lungs. It is highly contagious, especially among animals in close proximity, and results in a characteristic harsh, dry "hacking" cough. While generally not life-threatening, it can be uncomfortable and persistent.
Symptoms
A forceful, hacking cough, often described as "goose honking"
Retching or gagging after coughing
Nasal discharge (clear or slightly colored)
Sneezing
Lethargy (mild)
Fever (rare, usually mild)
Loss of appetite (rare)
In humans, sore throat and chest discomfort may be present.
Causes
Tracheobronchitis is typically caused by a combination of viral and bacterial infections. Common culprits include:
Viruses: Parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, canine distemper virus, canine influenza virus, herpesvirus.
Bacteria: Bordetella bronchiseptica (the most common bacterial cause), Mycoplasma species.
Other Factors: Stress, exposure to irritants (smoke, dust), poor ventilation, and cold temperatures can increase susceptibility.
Medicine Used
Treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying cause.
Mild cases: May resolve on their own with rest and supportive care.
Cough Suppressants: Medications to reduce the severity and frequency of coughing (e.g., dextromethorphan, codeine – use with caution and only under veterinary/medical advice).
Antibiotics: Prescribed if a bacterial infection is suspected or confirmed. Common antibiotics include doxycycline, amoxicillin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Bronchodilators: May be used to open up airways in severe cases.
Anti-inflammatory Drugs: In some cases, corticosteroids or NSAIDs may be prescribed to reduce inflammation. Use with caution and only under veterinary/medical advice.
Nebulizer/Humidifier: Can help to loosen mucus and soothe irritated airways.
Is Communicable
Yes, tracheobronchitis is highly communicable. It spreads through:
Airborne droplets produced by coughing or sneezing.
Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces (e.g., shared water bowls, toys).
Close proximity to infected individuals.
Precautions
Isolation: Keep infected animals away from other animals until symptoms have resolved. Human patients should also practice respiratory etiquette to avoid spreading the disease.
Hygiene: Wash hands frequently after contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
Vaccination: Vaccination against common viral and bacterial causes (e.g., Bordetella vaccine) can help prevent or reduce the severity of the disease in animals.
Avoid crowded areas: Minimize exposure to crowded environments where the disease can easily spread.
Proper ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation in kennels and other areas where animals are housed.
Cleanliness: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces that may be contaminated.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of a tracheobronchitis outbreak can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's immune system. Typically, symptoms last for:
Dogs: 1-3 weeks, but can persist for up to 6 weeks in some cases.
Humans: 1-3 weeks, similar to a common cold.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically based on:
Clinical Signs: The characteristic coughing sound and other symptoms.
Physical Examination: Listening to the lungs with a stethoscope.
History: Information about recent exposure to other animals or individuals with respiratory symptoms.
Diagnostic Tests (if needed):
Bacterial Culture: To identify the specific bacteria causing the infection.
Viral PCR Tests: To identify specific viral agents
Radiographs (X-rays): To rule out other respiratory conditions, such as pneumonia.
Timeline of Symptoms
Incubation Period: 2-14 days (time between exposure and onset of symptoms)
Initial Symptoms: Mild cough, sneezing, nasal discharge.
Progression: Cough becomes more frequent and severe.
Peak Symptoms: Most severe coughing, possible gagging or retching.
Resolution: Gradual improvement in symptoms over 1-3 weeks.
Important Considerations
Secondary Infections: Tracheobronchitis can sometimes lead to secondary bacterial infections, which may require antibiotic treatment.
Underlying Conditions: Animals with underlying respiratory or immune system problems may be more susceptible to developing severe complications.
Consult a Professional: It is important to consult with a veterinarian or physician for diagnosis and treatment, especially if symptoms are severe or persistent. Self-treating can be dangerous.
Differential Diagnosis: Other conditions, such as collapsing trachea, heart disease, and pneumonia, can cause similar symptoms and should be ruled out.
Stress Reduction: Minimize stress in affected animals, as stress can worsen symptoms.