Summary about Disease
Leukonychia is a condition that causes white lines or spots to appear on the fingernails or toenails. It is generally harmless and quite common. There are different types, including leukonychia punctata (small white spots), leukonychia striata (horizontal white bands), and total leukonychia (entire nail turns white). It is usually not a sign of serious illness.
Symptoms
The primary symptom is the appearance of white spots or lines on the nails. These can vary in size, shape, and number.
Leukonychia punctata: Small, scattered white spots.
Leukonychia striata: One or more horizontal white bands across the nail.
Total leukonychia: Entire nail plate turns white (rare).
Causes
Common causes include:
Nail trauma: This is the most frequent cause, such as bumping or hitting the nail.
Nail biting or picking: Repeated minor trauma.
Manicures or pedicures: Damage from tools or chemicals.
Certain medications: Some drugs can cause nail changes.
Mineral deficiencies: Zinc or calcium deficiencies have been proposed, but aren't well substantiated.
Systemic diseases: Rarely, may be associated with conditions like liver disease, kidney disease, or anemia.
Hereditary factors: In rare cases, total leukonychia can be inherited.
Fungal infections: Some superficial fungal infections can cause white spots.
Medicine Used
There is typically no specific medicine used to treat leukonychia. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, if identified.
If caused by trauma, the white marks will gradually disappear as the nail grows out.
If a fungal infection is the cause, antifungal medications (topical or oral) may be prescribed.
If linked to a nutritional deficiency, addressing that deficiency through diet or supplements may be recommended.
Is Communicable
Leukonychia is not communicable or contagious. It cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Precautions to prevent leukonychia include:
Avoid nail trauma: Be careful not to bump or injure your nails.
Don't bite or pick your nails.
Choose reputable nail salons and ensure proper sterilization of tools.
Handle chemicals carefully.
Maintain a balanced diet.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of leukonychia depends on the rate of nail growth and the location of the white spot on the nail. As the nail grows, the white spots will move upwards and eventually be trimmed off. Fingernails grow more quickly than toenails. It can take several months for a fingernail to fully grow out, and up to a year or more for a toenail.
How is it diagnosed?
Leukonychia is usually diagnosed through a visual examination of the nails by a doctor or other healthcare professional. The doctor may ask about any recent injuries, medications, or underlying health conditions. In rare cases, nail clippings may be sent for laboratory analysis to rule out fungal infections or other underlying causes.
Timeline of Symptoms
The appearance of white spots or lines is the primary symptom. There is no specific timeline for development other than the spot may appear suddenly following trauma. The spot grows out with the nail, and the timeline depends on the growth rate of the nail.
Important Considerations
While most cases of leukonychia are harmless, it's important to consult a doctor if you're concerned, especially if the condition is widespread, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms.
Rule out underlying medical conditions, particularly if total leukonychia is present.
Avoid self-treating with over-the-counter remedies without consulting a doctor.